Travel and Tourism
1a) A tourist is a person who makes the voluntary and temporary, non-recurrent pleasure journey, whereas an emigrant is a person who makes one-way-trip from one permanent place to another. However, there can be defined tourist-emigrants, i.e. the people who moved to their host-countries as tourists, but stayed there in order to work and live.
Unlike tourists pilgrims are religious people who travel to shrine and sacred places. This kind of people is quite rare nowadays. Modern religious tourism usually combines ordinary tourism with the elements of pilgrimage (Cohen 1974, pp. 532, 537, 542).
1b) The summer-house owners have a small amount of the “touristic component” in their activities, however, the level of recurrence can be very high. These people just possess the real estate at other places where they just spend the vacations during summer periods or at any other time (Cohen 1974, p. 540).
2a) The author tries to combine different aspects of tourism into definition. The definition is based on tourists' characteristics which settle the conflict between industrial and scientific perspective of the tourism. It focuses on the commodities as the central concept (Smith 1988, pp. 181-184).
2b) Tourism consists from a variety of the supporting industries that is why the term “tourism industry” is misleading (Leiper 2008, pp. 237-238, 240-241, 245-249).
3a) TAFE colleges and universities provide a knowledge-based platform to the tourism as an industry. TAFE colleges provide practical, high-quality training opportunities to the tourism-related occupations, while universities provide scientific researches as well as undergraduate and postgraduate education, producing effective administrative staff, i,e. managers, planers, marketers etc (Weaver and Lawton 2010, p. 12).
3b) The origin governments can regulate the tourism sector directly and indirectly, i.e. through the legal instruments, infrastructure and international policy. Governments influence on tourism in two ways. It manages demand and revenue as well as controls supply and prices. Totalitarian governments can provide some restrictions onto the tourist flow (Weaver and Lawton 2010, pp. 34-35).
4a) The tourist gaze is the combination of the socio-cultural, economic and political factors that influence the tourism and form the perception of it in the different societies. However, these factors differ within different social groups in diverse historical periods (Urry 2002, pp. 1, 3).
4b) Nowadays there is the great variety of people who perform different meanings about the symbolic places and dramatize the allegiance to places and particular actions.
The presence or the absence of a plan and design implies the main difference in “enclavic” and “heterogeneous” spaces. “Enclavic” spaces contain clear boundaries as the tourists are switching off from the social contact with the local community.
The “heterogeneous” spaces are “spatial complexes, where the functions, spaces, signs, corners and niches possess a cellular and labyrinthine structure” (Edensor 2000, pp. 323-333).
5a) The old-style travelers make journeys in some work purposes while the modern tourists seek for the pleasure. The traveler has an active component as he/she searches for people, adventures and experience, while the tourist has the passive component as he/she expects that some interesting things would happen to him/her by occasion or because everything should be done to him and for him (Boorstin 1963, pp. 88, 92-95, 98-100, 102, 105-107, 110, 114).
5b) The tourism is regarded as an inferior form of travel activity because of the differences in the essence of being a tourist and being a traveler. Being a tourist implies that the person just go sightseeing and does not know about the culture of the host-country, while being the traveler implies “experiencing the people or the %uFB02air of the place/country you are visiting”. The negative aspect of tourism is that it provides the destructive influence on upon cultures and places (McCabe 2005, pp. 96-100).
